This page addresses how to use quotation marks in cases other than with direct quotations. Additional cases and examples are provided in the Publication Manual; users’ most common questions are addressed here.
When to use quotation marks
In APA Style papers, use double quotation marks in the following cases:
| Case |
Example |
|---|---|
|
To refer to a letter, word, phrase, or sentence as a linguistic example or as itself |
the letter “j” the singular “they” answered “yes” to the question Students wrote “I promise to uphold the honor code” at the top of the test page. |
|
To present stimuli in the text (long lists of stimuli may be better presented in a table, where quotation marks are not needed) |
The stimulus words were “groceries,” “cleaning,” “overtime,” and “office.” |
|
To reproduce material from a test item or verbatim instructions to participants (if instructions are long, present them in an appendix or set them off from text in block quote format |
The first item was “How often do you feel happy with your body?” The second item was “How often do you exercise?” |
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First use of a word or phrase used as an ironic comment, as slang, or as an invented or coined expression |
considered “normal” behavior |
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Around the title of a periodical article or book chapter when the title is used in the text (do not use quotation marks in the reference list entry) |
Sherman’s (2019) article “The Art of Giving Feedback” addressed how nurses can give effective feedback. |
Quotation marks are covered in Section 6.7 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition
This guidance has been revised from the 6th edition.
When not to use quotation marks
Do not use double quotation marks in the following cases in APA Style papers:
Case |
Example |
|---|---|
|
To highlight a key term or phrase (e.g., around a term for which you are going to provide a definition); instead, use italics |
Mindfulness is defined as “the act of noticing new things, a process that promotes flexible responding to the demands of the environment” (Pagnini et al., 2016, p. 91). |
|
To identify the anchors of a scale; instead, use italics |
ranged from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) |
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To refer to a numeral as itself because the meaning is sufficiently clear without quotation marks |
The numeral 2 was displayed onscreen. |
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To hedge or downplay meaning (do not use any punctuation with these expressions) |
Correct: The teacher rewarded the class with tokens.
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